AI‑relevant semiconductors and other dual‑use technologies. In Türkiye, the program confronts documented diversion and transshipment risks posed by intermediary‑dependent trade routes and the absence of widespread private‑sector internal compliance programs that meet international expectations. In Ukraine, it addresses the heightened risk that rapidly expanding defense and dual‑use innovation, combined with intense foreign interest and limited oversight mechanisms, could lead to unauthorized tangible and intangible technology transfers and diversion of U.S.‑origin or sensitive items. Collectively, the LOEs seek to close these vulnerabilities by strengthening legal and regulatory frameworks, institutional and industry compliance, and data‑driven enforcement capabilities to prevent the proliferation of WMD‑related, defense, and other sensitive technologies to end‑users and activities of concern.