ILT was listed as endangered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)in 1985 due to concerns about breeding habitat loss and degradation associated with water resource development projects, which affect a large proportion of this population (USFWS 1985). Large multi-purpose dams, engineered navigation systems, bank stabilization projects, and wells or canals that remove water for irrigated agriculture affect ILT nesting habitat across much of their range (USFWS 1990). Many of the large dams and navigation systems in the range of ILT are operated by USACE (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004a, 2004b, 2005) as detailed in the incidental take statement of the 2016 PBO in accordance with the Endangered Species Act (ESA) (USFWS 2016).

Historically, sandbar nesting habitat on many rivers throughout the range of ILT has been lost or strongly degraded due to channel responses to large dam placement or channelization for navigation (Friedman et al. 1998, Funk and Robinson 1974, Williams 1978, Stinnett et al. 1988, Tommelleri 1984, and Knoll 2006). In addition to this initial (and in some cases, ongoing) pulse of habitat loss during channel adjustment to large-scale river engineering, multi-purpose dam operations continue to have direct effects on ILT reproductive success (e.g., nest and chick mortality due to flooding) that are strongest directly below 8 large multi-purpose dams on the Arkansas, Red, Canadian, and Missouri Rivers (USFWS 2003, 2005a). 

Habitat restoration efforts and monitoring has been ongoing on the Arkansas River since 2016 to present. Restoration efforts have included the use of dredge material to re-establish sandbars, removing vegetation from existing sandbars and collaborating with state and federal partners and shareholders to ensure that the species habitat needs are met. 

In January 2021, the ILT was removed from the list of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife species with assurances from the Corps of Engineers to U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, that habitat restoration efforts and monitoring will continue as laid out in the 2019 Southwestern Division Conservation Plan for the Interior Least Tern in Arkansas, Canadian and Red River Basins; Part IV: pages 17-24.

For this project all efforts will be concentrated on the Arkansas River between Fort Smith and the Mississippi River. In addition to the Arkansas River, least terns have been documented nesting on rooftops within the Arkansas River Valley. These are flat rooftops, fully or partially covered with small river rock or pea gravel, at least superficially resembling riverine, island/sandbar nesting habitat of Least Terns (Forys and Borboen-Abrams 2006). These sites are also monitored with the appropriate permissions.

C.   Program Description/Objective: (brief description of the anticipated work): It was determined that traditional navigation and hydroelectric operations on the Arkansas River from Oklahoma to Arkansas has had detrimental effects on the ILT population. Once we understood how our actions were impacting the ILT bird population we needed to ascertain through research, how badly as well as exploring different conservation measures that would stabilize and support the remaining birds.

While the data suggest that the conservation efforts are working, time, consistent monitoring and reporting is necessary for certainty, which requires continued field work. This effort will involve conducting breeding season, nest monitoring and inventorying as well as habitat assessments of the interior least terns. The research will cover monitoring at least 12 river colony locations and 3-5 rooftop colonies within the Arkansas River Valley from downstream of Wilbur D. Mills Dam at river mile (RM) 10 to roughly RM 285 of the MKARNS in Arkansas.

·        Public Benefit: Birds including the interior least terns are vital environmental indicators, telling us about the health of our ecosystems thus, conservation of the bird species and protection of their habitat improves biodiversity and ultimately the ecological health of the local watersheds in our communities. Determination of population status and trends for the species at local and regional levels, will more adequately reflect habitat and ecosystem quality than does simple presence or absence of bird species. These species are sensitive to changes in diverse habitats and can tell us about the impacts; both good and bad occurring in watersheds that encompasses the Arkansas River. A healthy watershed provides clean and increased volumes of water for recreation, supports thriving populations of wildlife valued by the public, and strengthens sensitive wildlife and plant species’ ability to survive.

Other benefits will include the sharing of data through a variety of strategies and audiences including nonfederal entities to increase public awareness, knowledge and support for conservation and natural resources stewardship of the species habitat wherever they exist.

Project results/outputs will add to the scientific literature/knowledge base, with applicability and utility beyond the scope of the project study area and external to USACE.